● <------------ r -------------> •
M m
What is that long distance? The obvious candidate is that the energy is shipped from the center of M to our small test mass.
Let us calculate the extra inertia which m gains for a radial movement. The force of gravity is
F = G m M / r².
The work that we gain when we move the test mass radially a distance s toward the central mass is
W = s G m M / r².
That work corresponds to a mass W / c² and that mass is shipped over a distance r. The mass displacement is
d' = s G m M / c² * 1 / r.
The mass displacement of the test mass m over a distance s is
d = s m.
The extra inertia in a radial movement is
d' / d = G M / c² * 1 / r
= 1/2 r_s / r,
where r_s is the Schwarzschild radius of M.
The radial Schwarzschild metric is
1 / sqrt(1 - r_s / r)
= 1 + 1/2 r_s / r,
when r_s is small.
Everything travels to the radial direction a little bit slower, including light, because the inertia is slightly larger than to the horizontal direction. We take as an axiom:
If light travels to a certain direction by a factor f < 1 slower, then distances in that direction appear to be stretched by a factor 1 / f > 1.
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