Tuesday, August 19, 2025

Schrödinger equation and a moving screen

In our previous blog post we asked if the Schrödinger equation is Galilean covariant. That is, if the equation has a solution in a frame, can we – in a beautiful way – transform the solution and obtain the solution in a moving frame?

Newtonian mechanics is Galilean covariant.  If we have a history of mechanical system, we can – in a simple way – transform the solution to a frame moving at a constant velocity v. The transformed solution satisfies newtonian mechanics in the moving frame.


Huygens's principle


Let us have a wave. Using Huygens's principle, we can easily construct an approximation for the diffraction pattern created by a pinhole in a screen.

  
                                     |
          |     |     |     |          )      )      )
                                     |
         wave --> v    screen     diffracted wave


      ^  y
      |
       ------> x   moving frame
       --> v      



Let the velocity of the wave be v. Let us switch to a moving frame which comoves with the incoming wave.

In the comoving frame, the incoming wave is static. Can we use Huygens's principle for a static wave?

The screen is moving against a static wave. How can the screen create the diffraction pattern?

If we are looking at water waves, then the frame where water does not flow horizontally, can be defined as a preferred frame.

Does it make sense to demand that Huygens's principle should work in any other frame than the preferred frame?


Richard Feynman derived the Schrödinger equation from a path integral, i.e., Huygens's principle



David Derbes (1996) describes how Richard Feynman used a path integral approach to derive the Schrödinger equation. The path integral has much the same idea as in Huygens's principle. If we know the wave function

       ψ(t, r)

at a time t₀, we can construct the wave at a later time t₁ by summing the contributions of ψ(t₀, r) for each point r in space.

Huygens said that each point r acts as a new "source" of a new mini-wave. At a later time, the wave's crests are where there is a constructive interference of the mini-waves.






***  WORK IN PROGRESS  ***

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